---
summary: "How OpenClaw sandboxing works: modes, scopes, workspace access, and images"
title: Sandboxing
read_when: "You want a dedicated explanation of sandboxing or need to tune agents.defaults.sandbox."
status: active
---

# Sandboxing

OpenClaw can run **tools inside Docker containers** to reduce blast radius.
This is **optional** and controlled by configuration (`agents.defaults.sandbox` or
`agents.list[].sandbox`). If sandboxing is off, tools run on the host.
The Gateway stays on the host; tool execution runs in an isolated sandbox
when enabled.

This is not a perfect security boundary, but it materially limits filesystem
and process access when the model does something dumb.

## What gets sandboxed

- Tool execution (`exec`, `read`, `write`, `edit`, `apply_patch`, `process`, etc.).
- Optional sandboxed browser (`agents.defaults.sandbox.browser`).
  - By default, the sandbox browser auto-starts (ensures CDP is reachable) when the browser tool needs it.
    Configure via `agents.defaults.sandbox.browser.autoStart` and `agents.defaults.sandbox.browser.autoStartTimeoutMs`.
  - By default, sandbox browser containers use a dedicated Docker network (`openclaw-sandbox-browser`) instead of the global `bridge` network.
    Configure with `agents.defaults.sandbox.browser.network`.
  - Optional `agents.defaults.sandbox.browser.cdpSourceRange` restricts container-edge CDP ingress with a CIDR allowlist (for example `172.21.0.1/32`).
  - noVNC observer access is password-protected by default; OpenClaw emits a short-lived token URL that serves a local bootstrap page and opens noVNC with password in URL fragment (not query/header logs).
  - `agents.defaults.sandbox.browser.allowHostControl` lets sandboxed sessions target the host browser explicitly.
  - Optional allowlists gate `target: "custom"`: `allowedControlUrls`, `allowedControlHosts`, `allowedControlPorts`.

Not sandboxed:

- The Gateway process itself.
- Any tool explicitly allowed to run on the host (e.g. `tools.elevated`).
  - **Elevated exec runs on the host and bypasses sandboxing.**
  - If sandboxing is off, `tools.elevated` does not change execution (already on host). See [Elevated Mode](/tools/elevated).

## Modes

`agents.defaults.sandbox.mode` controls **when** sandboxing is used:

- `"off"`: no sandboxing.
- `"non-main"`: sandbox only **non-main** sessions (default if you want normal chats on host).
- `"all"`: every session runs in a sandbox.
  Note: `"non-main"` is based on `session.mainKey` (default `"main"`), not agent id.
  Group/channel sessions use their own keys, so they count as non-main and will be sandboxed.

## Scope

`agents.defaults.sandbox.scope` controls **how many containers** are created:

- `"session"` (default): one container per session.
- `"agent"`: one container per agent.
- `"shared"`: one container shared by all sandboxed sessions.

## Workspace access

`agents.defaults.sandbox.workspaceAccess` controls **what the sandbox can see**:

- `"none"` (default): tools see a sandbox workspace under `~/.openclaw/sandboxes`.
- `"ro"`: mounts the agent workspace read-only at `/agent` (disables `write`/`edit`/`apply_patch`).
- `"rw"`: mounts the agent workspace read/write at `/workspace`.

Inbound media is copied into the active sandbox workspace (`media/inbound/*`).
Skills note: the `read` tool is sandbox-rooted. With `workspaceAccess: "none"`,
OpenClaw mirrors eligible skills into the sandbox workspace (`.../skills`) so
they can be read. With `"rw"`, workspace skills are readable from
`/workspace/skills`.

## Custom bind mounts

`agents.defaults.sandbox.docker.binds` mounts additional host directories into the container.
Format: `host:container:mode` (e.g., `"/home/user/source:/source:rw"`).

Global and per-agent binds are **merged** (not replaced). Under `scope: "shared"`, per-agent binds are ignored.

`agents.defaults.sandbox.browser.binds` mounts additional host directories into the **sandbox browser** container only.

- When set (including `[]`), it replaces `agents.defaults.sandbox.docker.binds` for the browser container.
- When omitted, the browser container falls back to `agents.defaults.sandbox.docker.binds` (backwards compatible).

Example (read-only source + an extra data directory):

```json5
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      sandbox: {
        docker: {
          binds: ["/home/user/source:/source:ro", "/var/data/myapp:/data:ro"],
        },
      },
    },
    list: [
      {
        id: "build",
        sandbox: {
          docker: {
            binds: ["/mnt/cache:/cache:rw"],
          },
        },
      },
    ],
  },
}
```

Security notes:

- Binds bypass the sandbox filesystem: they expose host paths with whatever mode you set (`:ro` or `:rw`).
- OpenClaw blocks dangerous bind sources (for example: `docker.sock`, `/etc`, `/proc`, `/sys`, `/dev`, and parent mounts that would expose them).
- Sensitive mounts (secrets, SSH keys, service credentials) should be `:ro` unless absolutely required.
- Combine with `workspaceAccess: "ro"` if you only need read access to the workspace; bind modes stay independent.
- See [Sandbox vs Tool Policy vs Elevated](/gateway/sandbox-vs-tool-policy-vs-elevated) for how binds interact with tool policy and elevated exec.

## Images + setup

Default image: `openclaw-sandbox:bookworm-slim`

Build it once:

```bash
scripts/sandbox-setup.sh
```

Note: the default image does **not** include Node. If a skill needs Node (or
other runtimes), either bake a custom image or install via
`sandbox.docker.setupCommand` (requires network egress + writable root +
root user).

If you want a more functional sandbox image with common tooling (for example
`curl`, `jq`, `nodejs`, `python3`, `git`), build:

```bash
scripts/sandbox-common-setup.sh
```

Then set `agents.defaults.sandbox.docker.image` to
`openclaw-sandbox-common:bookworm-slim`.

Sandboxed browser image:

```bash
scripts/sandbox-browser-setup.sh
```

By default, sandbox containers run with **no network**.
Override with `agents.defaults.sandbox.docker.network`.

The bundled sandbox browser image also applies conservative Chromium startup defaults
for containerized workloads. Current container defaults include:

- `--remote-debugging-address=127.0.0.1`
- `--remote-debugging-port=<derived from OPENCLAW_BROWSER_CDP_PORT>`
- `--user-data-dir=${HOME}/.chrome`
- `--no-first-run`
- `--no-default-browser-check`
- `--disable-3d-apis`
- `--disable-gpu`
- `--disable-dev-shm-usage`
- `--disable-background-networking`
- `--disable-extensions`
- `--disable-features=TranslateUI`
- `--disable-breakpad`
- `--disable-crash-reporter`
- `--disable-software-rasterizer`
- `--no-zygote`
- `--metrics-recording-only`
- `--renderer-process-limit=2`
- `--no-sandbox` and `--disable-setuid-sandbox` when `noSandbox` is enabled.
- The three graphics hardening flags (`--disable-3d-apis`,
  `--disable-software-rasterizer`, `--disable-gpu`) are optional and are useful
  when containers lack GPU support. Set `OPENCLAW_BROWSER_DISABLE_GRAPHICS_FLAGS=0`
  if your workload requires WebGL or other 3D/browser features.
- `--disable-extensions` is enabled by default and can be disabled with
  `OPENCLAW_BROWSER_DISABLE_EXTENSIONS=0` for extension-reliant flows.
- `--renderer-process-limit=2` is controlled by
  `OPENCLAW_BROWSER_RENDERER_PROCESS_LIMIT=<N>`, where `0` keeps Chromium's default.

If you need a different runtime profile, use a custom browser image and provide
your own entrypoint. For local (non-container) Chromium profiles, use
`browser.extraArgs` to append additional startup flags.

Security defaults:

- `network: "host"` is blocked.
- `network: "container:<id>"` is blocked by default (namespace join bypass risk).
- Break-glass override: `agents.defaults.sandbox.docker.dangerouslyAllowContainerNamespaceJoin: true`.

Docker installs and the containerized gateway live here:
[Docker](/install/docker)

For Docker gateway deployments, `docker-setup.sh` can bootstrap sandbox config.
Set `OPENCLAW_SANDBOX=1` (or `true`/`yes`/`on`) to enable that path. You can
override socket location with `OPENCLAW_DOCKER_SOCKET`. Full setup and env
reference: [Docker](/install/docker#enable-agent-sandbox-for-docker-gateway-opt-in).

## setupCommand (one-time container setup)

`setupCommand` runs **once** after the sandbox container is created (not on every run).
It executes inside the container via `sh -lc`.

Paths:

- Global: `agents.defaults.sandbox.docker.setupCommand`
- Per-agent: `agents.list[].sandbox.docker.setupCommand`

Common pitfalls:

- Default `docker.network` is `"none"` (no egress), so package installs will fail.
- `docker.network: "container:<id>"` requires `dangerouslyAllowContainerNamespaceJoin: true` and is break-glass only.
- `readOnlyRoot: true` prevents writes; set `readOnlyRoot: false` or bake a custom image.
- `user` must be root for package installs (omit `user` or set `user: "0:0"`).
- Sandbox exec does **not** inherit host `process.env`. Use
  `agents.defaults.sandbox.docker.env` (or a custom image) for skill API keys.

## Tool policy + escape hatches

Tool allow/deny policies still apply before sandbox rules. If a tool is denied
globally or per-agent, sandboxing doesn’t bring it back.

`tools.elevated` is an explicit escape hatch that runs `exec` on the host.
`/exec` directives only apply for authorized senders and persist per session; to hard-disable
`exec`, use tool policy deny (see [Sandbox vs Tool Policy vs Elevated](/gateway/sandbox-vs-tool-policy-vs-elevated)).

Debugging:

- Use `openclaw sandbox explain` to inspect effective sandbox mode, tool policy, and fix-it config keys.
- See [Sandbox vs Tool Policy vs Elevated](/gateway/sandbox-vs-tool-policy-vs-elevated) for the “why is this blocked?” mental model.
  Keep it locked down.

## Multi-agent overrides

Each agent can override sandbox + tools:
`agents.list[].sandbox` and `agents.list[].tools` (plus `agents.list[].tools.sandbox.tools` for sandbox tool policy).
See [Multi-Agent Sandbox & Tools](/tools/multi-agent-sandbox-tools) for precedence.

## Minimal enable example

```json5
{
  agents: {
    defaults: {
      sandbox: {
        mode: "non-main",
        scope: "session",
        workspaceAccess: "none",
      },
    },
  },
}
```

## Related docs

- [Sandbox Configuration](/gateway/configuration#agentsdefaults-sandbox)
- [Multi-Agent Sandbox & Tools](/tools/multi-agent-sandbox-tools)
- [Security](/gateway/security)